- published: 23 Sep 2008
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![An introduction to fluid dynamics [SPINLab Educational Film]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121217092802im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/khRil3tWYEA/default.jpg "Learn more on ZeitNews: www.zeitnews.org Laboratory demonstrations of basic physics underlying ocean and atmospheric fluid dynamics. Demonstrations include: Coriolis effect, atmospheric overturn, deflection of easterlies and westerlies, gyroscopic behavior of rapidly rotating fluids, and swirling flows in non-rotating and strongly rotating systems. planets.ucla.edu http")
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Claude-Louis Navier
Claude-Louis Navier (10 February 1785 in Dijon – 21 August 1836 in Paris) born Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier (French pronunciation: [klod lwi maʁi ɑ̃ʁi naˈvje]), was a French engineer and physicist who specialized in mechanics.
The Navier–Stokes equations are named after him and George Gabriel Stokes.
After the death of his father in 1793, Navier's mother left his education in the hands of his uncle Emiland Gauthey, an engineer with the Corps of Bridges and Roads (Corps des Ponts et Chaussées). In 1802, Navier enrolled at the École polytechnique, and in 1804 continued his studies at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, from which he graduated in 1806. He eventually succeeded his uncle as Inspecteur general at the Corps des Ponts et Chaussées.
He directed the construction of bridges at Choisy, Asnières and Argenteuil in the Department of the Seine, and built a footbridge to the Île de la Cité in Paris.
In 1824, Navier was admitted into the French Academy of Science. In 1830, he took up a professorship at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, and in the following year succeeded exiled Augustin Louis Cauchy as professor of calculus and mechanics at the École polytechnique.
wn.com/Claude-Louis_Navier -
Daniel Bernoulli
Daniel Bernoulli (Groningen, 29 January 1700 – Basel, 17 March 1782) was a Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics. Bernoulli's work is still studied at length by many schools of science throughout the world.
Daniel Bernoulli was born in Groningen, in the Netherlands, into a family of distinguished mathematicians. The son of Johann Bernoulli (one of the "early developers" of calculus), nephew of Jakob Bernoulli (who "was the first to discover the theory of probability"), and older brother of Johann II, Daniel Bernoulli has been described as "by far the ablest of the younger Harpers". He is said to have had a bad relationship with his father, Johann. Upon both of them entering and tying for first place in a scientific contest at the University of Paris, Johann, unable to bear the "shame" of being compared as Daniel's equal, banned Daniel from his house. Johann Bernoulli also plagiarized some key ideas from Daniel's book Hydrodynamica in his own book Hydraulica which he backdated to before Hydrodynamica. Despite Daniel's attempts at reconciliation, his father carried the grudge until his death.
wn.com/Daniel_Bernoulli -
Evgeny Lifshitz
Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz FRS (Russian: Евгений Михайлович Лифшиц; February 21, 1915 – October 29, 1985) was a leading Soviet physicist of Jewish origin and the brother of physicist Ilya Mikhailovich Lifshitz. (Some commonly encountered alternative transliterations of his names include Yevgeny or Evgenii and Lifshits or Lifschitz.) Lifshitz is well known in general relativity for coauthoring the BKL conjecture concerning the nature of a generic curvature singularity. As of 2006[update], this is widely regarded as one of the most important open problems in the subject of classical gravitation.
With Lev Landau, Lifshitz co-authored Course of Theoretical Physics, an ambitious series of physics textbooks, in which the two aimed to provide a graduate-level introduction to the entire field of physics. These books are still considered invaluable and continue to be widely used.
Lifshitz was the second of only 43 people ever to pass Landau's "Theoretical Minimum" examination. Landau's wife strongly criticized his scientific abilities, hinting at how much of their joint work was done by Lifshitz and how much by Landau. Despite the sniping, he is well known for many invaluable contributions, in particular to quantum electrodynamics, where he calculated the Casimir force in an arbitrary macroscopic configuration of metals and dielectrics.
wn.com/Evgeny_Lifshitz -
Horace Lamb
Sir Horace Lamb FRS (27 November 1849 – 4 December 1934) was a British applied mathematician and author of several influential texts on classical physics, among them Hydrodynamics (1879) and Dynamical Theory of Sound (1910). Both of these books are still in print.
Horace Lamb is not to be confused with the Nobel Prize winning American physicist, Willis Lamb.
Lamb was born at Stockport, Cheshire, England, the son of John Lamb and his wife Elizabeth, née Rangeley. He studied at Stockport Grammar School, Owens College, Manchester, and Trinity College, Cambridge where he was Second Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos, 2nd Smith's Prizeman and elected fellow in 1872. His professors included James Clerk Maxwell and George Gabriel Stokes.
In 1875 Lamb was appointed professor of mathematics in the newly founded University of Adelaide. For the next 10 years the average number of students doing the arts course at Adelaide was fewer than 12; though Lamb also did some popular lecturing, his workload was relatively light. In 1878 appeared his able and original A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of the Motions of Fluids.
wn.com/Horace_Lamb -
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727 [NS: 4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727]) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived." His monograph Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.
wn.com/Isaac_Newton -
Lev Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau (Russian language: Ле́в Дави́дович Ланда́у; January 22 [O.S. January 9] 1908 – April 1, 1968) was a prominent Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. His accomplishments include the independent co-discovery of the density matrix method in quantum mechanics (alongside John von Neumann), the quantum mechanical theory of diamagnetism, the theory of superfluidity, the theory of second-order phase transitions, the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, the theory of Fermi liquid, the explanation of Landau damping in plasma physics, the Landau pole in quantum electrodynamics, and the two-component theory of neutrinos. He received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of a mathematical theory of superfluidity that accounts for the properties of liquid helium II at a temperature below 2.17 K (−270.98 °C).
Landau was born on January 22, 1908 to Jewish parents in Baku, in what was then the Russian Empire. Landau's father was an engineer with the local oil industry and his mother was a doctor. Recognized very early as a child prodigy in mathematics, Landau was quoted as saying in later life that he scarcely remembered a time when he was not familiar with calculus. Landau graduated at 13 from gymnasium. His parents considered him too young to attend university, so for a year he attended the Baku Economical Technicum. In 1922, at age 14, he matriculated at Baku State University, studying in two departments simultaneously: the department of Physics and Mathematics, and the department of Chemistry. Subsequently he ceased studying chemistry, but remained interested in the field throughout his life.
wn.com/Lev_Landau -
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke FRS (28 July [O.S. 18 July] 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath.
His adult life comprised three distinct periods: as a scientific inquirer lacking money; achieving great wealth and standing through his reputation for hard work and scrupulous honesty following the great fire of 1666, but eventually becoming ill and party to jealous intellectual disputes. These issues may have contributed to his relative historical obscurity.
He was at one time simultaneously the curator of experiments of the Royal Society and a member of its council, Gresham Professor of Geometry and a Surveyor to the City of London after the Great Fire of London, in which capacity he appears to have performed more than half of all the surveys after the fire. He was also an important architect of his time, though few of his buildings now survive and some of those are generally misattributed, and was instrumental in devising a set of planning controls for London whose influence remains today. Allan Chapman has characterised him as "England's Leonardo".
wn.com/Robert_Hooke -
Sound barrier
The sound barrier, in aerodynamics, is the point at which an aircraft moves from transonic to supersonic speed. The term, which occasionally has other meanings, came into use during World War II, when a number of aircraft started to encounter the effects of compressibility, a collection of several unrelated aerodynamic effects that "struck" their planes like an impediment to further acceleration. By the 1950s, new aircraft designs routinely "broke" the sound barrier.
Some common whips such as the bullwhip or sparewhip are able to move faster than sound: the tip of the whip breaks the sound barrier and causes a sharp crack—literally a sonic boom.Firearms since the 19th century have generally had a supersonic muzzle velocity.
The sound barrier may have been first breached in nature some 150 million years ago. Some paleobiologists report that, based on computer models of their biomechanical capabilities, certain long-tailed dinosaurs such as Apatosaurus and Diplodocus may have possessed the ability to flick their tails at supersonic velocities, possibly used to generate an intimidating booming sound. This finding is theoretical and disputed by others in the field. Meteorites entering the Earth's atmosphere usually, if not always, descend faster than sound.
wn.com/Sound_barrier
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20. Fluid Dynamics and Statics and Bernoulli's Equation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 72:32
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Fundamentals of Physics (PHYS 200) The focus of the lecture is on fluid dynamics and statics. Different properties are discussed, such as density and pressure. Archimedes' Principle is introduced and demonstrated through a number of problems. The final topic of the lecture is Bernoulli's Equation. 00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Statics — The Notion of Pressure 04:14 - Chapter 2. Fluid Pressure as a Function of Height 20:49 - Chapter 3. The Hydraulic Press 26:32 - Chapter 4. Archimedes' Principle 36:36 - Chapter 5. Bernoulli's Equation 39:12 - Chapter 6. The Equation of Continuity 53:41 - Chapter 7. Applications of Bernoulli's Equation Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
http://wn.com/20_Fluid_Dynamics_and_Statics_and_Bernoulli's_Equation
Fundamentals of Physics (PHYS 200) The focus of the lecture is on fluid dynamics and statics. Different properties are discussed, such as density and pressure. Archimedes' Principle is introduced and demonstrated through a number of problems. The final topic of the lecture is Bernoulli's Equation. 00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Statics — The Notion of Pressure 04:14 - Chapter 2. Fluid Pressure as a Function of Height 20:49 - Chapter 3. The Hydraulic Press 26:32 - Chapter 4. Archimedes' Principle 36:36 - Chapter 5. Bernoulli's Equation 39:12 - Chapter 6. The Equation of Continuity 53:41 - Chapter 7. Applications of Bernoulli's Equation Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:41
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Computational Fluid Dynamics - rendered clips of liquids and flexible solids by (and credit to) Ron Fedkiw of Stanford University, downloaded from physbam.stanford.edu
http://wn.com/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics
Computational Fluid Dynamics - rendered clips of liquids and flexible solids by (and credit to) Ron Fedkiw of Stanford University, downloaded from physbam.stanford.edu
- published: 11 Apr 2009
- views: 38485
- author: James Dodd
Lecture 28 Hydrostatics Archimedes' Principle Fluid Dynamics What Makes Your Boat Float Bernoulli's Equation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:01
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Lecture_28_Hydrostatics_Archimedes'_Principle_Fluid_Dynamics_What_Makes_Your_Boat_Float_Bernoulli's_Equation
An introduction to fluid dynamics [SPINLab Educational Film]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:23
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Learn more on ZeitNews: www.zeitnews.org Laboratory demonstrations of basic physics underlying ocean and atmospheric fluid dynamics. Demonstrations include: Coriolis effect, atmospheric overturn, deflection of easterlies and westerlies, gyroscopic behavior of rapidly rotating fluids, and swirling flows in non-rotating and strongly rotating systems. planets.ucla.edu http
http://wn.com/An_introduction_to_fluid_dynamics_SPINLab_Educational_Film_
Learn more on ZeitNews: www.zeitnews.org Laboratory demonstrations of basic physics underlying ocean and atmospheric fluid dynamics. Demonstrations include: Coriolis effect, atmospheric overturn, deflection of easterlies and westerlies, gyroscopic behavior of rapidly rotating fluids, and swirling flows in non-rotating and strongly rotating systems. planets.ucla.edu http
- published: 03 Feb 2012
- views: 5288
- author: ZeitNews
Fluid Dynamics of Drag part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
From a lecture series on Fluid Mechanics produced in the 1960's. These lectures evaluate the properties of fluid mechanics in an experimental setting. The video's are also available at MIT's website for course resourses (I think), however for some students who have trouble accessing the files I am going to post the whole series
http://wn.com/Fluid_Dynamics_of_Drag_part_1
From a lecture series on Fluid Mechanics produced in the 1960's. These lectures evaluate the properties of fluid mechanics in an experimental setting. The video's are also available at MIT's website for course resourses (I think), however for some students who have trouble accessing the files I am going to post the whole series
- published: 09 Jul 2009
- views: 7829
- author: VerraStrngNUCF
Fluid Dynamics VII: The Venturi Effect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Basic Discussion regarding the Venturi Effect.
http://wn.com/Fluid_Dynamics_VII_The_Venturi_Effect
Basic Discussion regarding the Venturi Effect.
- published: 30 Jan 2011
- views: 22297
- author: TheAncientScholar
ME 702 - Computational Fluid Dynamics (Lecture "zero", part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:48
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Pencast explaining the derivation of the equation of conservation of mass (aka, "continuity") in differential form. More ME 702 videos on iTunes U: itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/ME_702_Computational_Fluid_Dynamics_Lecture_zero,_part_1
Pencast explaining the derivation of the equation of conservation of mass (aka, "continuity") in differential form. More ME 702 videos on iTunes U: itunes.apple.com
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 11930
- author: bu
Fluid Dynamics III Poiseuilles Law
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:51
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Introduction to Poiseuille's Law.
http://wn.com/Fluid_Dynamics_III_Poiseuilles_Law
The complexity of fluid dynamics in slow motion!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Visit: womanmaycry.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/The_complexity_of_fluid_dynamics_in_slow_motion!
fluid dynamics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
In fluid dynamics, video and audio were both heavily processed to highlight and emulate the natural behaviors of water, oil, heat, and light. Created with a combination of Ardour, Audacity, Kdenlive, and Pure Data. Source footage shot on a Canon XHA1 HD camera.
http://wn.com/fluid_dynamics
In fluid dynamics, video and audio were both heavily processed to highlight and emulate the natural behaviors of water, oil, heat, and light. Created with a combination of Ardour, Audacity, Kdenlive, and Pure Data. Source footage shot on a Canon XHA1 HD camera.
- published: 12 May 2012
- views: 181
- author: adamscottneal
Fluid Dynamics of Drag Part IV short.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Air Flow of Objects
http://wn.com/Fluid_Dynamics_of_Drag_Part_IV_shortwmv
AP Physics B Fluid Dynamics Problem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/AP_Physics_B_Fluid_Dynamics_Problem
Computational Fluid Dynamics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Moments of Truth: Space Vol. 10 Come along as we take a look at the final frontier, and see how our adventures in space have impacted our daily lives!
http://wn.com/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics
Moments of Truth: Space Vol. 10 Come along as we take a look at the final frontier, and see how our adventures in space have impacted our daily lives!
- published: 19 Nov 2011
- views: 1392
- author: InceptionMoments
Frictional Fluid Dynamics I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
What happens when you inject gas into a wet granular material? Amazing patterns emerge! This is a time lapse movie showing the incremental growth of fingers of air into a wet granular fluid mixture which is contained in a narrow gap between to glass plates (a Hele-Shaw cell). The dynamics changes abruptly when we increase the amount of granular material in the mixture: the system becomes highly intermittent, and "stick slip" bubbles appear. The experiments took a day to complete, and the channel is 20 cm wide. folk.ntnu.no
http://wn.com/Frictional_Fluid_Dynamics_I
What happens when you inject gas into a wet granular material? Amazing patterns emerge! This is a time lapse movie showing the incremental growth of fingers of air into a wet granular fluid mixture which is contained in a narrow gap between to glass plates (a Hele-Shaw cell). The dynamics changes abruptly when we increase the amount of granular material in the mixture: the system becomes highly intermittent, and "stick slip" bubbles appear. The experiments took a day to complete, and the channel is 20 cm wide. folk.ntnu.no
- published: 19 Apr 2011
- views: 3291
- author: Bjørnar Sandnes
Saylor ME201: Hydrostatics, Archimedes' Principle, and Fluid Dynamics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:01
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
This video is a lecture used in ME201 as part of our Mechanical Engineering area of study on www.saylor.org Terms of Use Walter Lewin, Physics I:Classical Mechanics, Fall 1999. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), ocw.mit.edu (Accessed November 10, 2010). License Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0. The original version can be found at: ocw.mit.edu
http://wn.com/Saylor_ME201_Hydrostatics,_Archimedes'_Principle,_and_Fluid_Dynamics
This video is a lecture used in ME201 as part of our Mechanical Engineering area of study on www.saylor.org Terms of Use Walter Lewin, Physics I:Classical Mechanics, Fall 1999. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), ocw.mit.edu (Accessed November 10, 2010). License Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0. The original version can be found at: ocw.mit.edu
- published: 02 Aug 2011
- views: 1466
- author: saylorfoundation
!!!Fluid Dynamics Experiment!! (MOST EPIC ONE EVER)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
!!!Fluid Dynamics Experiment!! (MOST EPIC ONE EVER) Crazy Chris shows us how wind works by showing us that warm fluids rise & cold fluids sink! "fluid dynamics" "fluid dynamics lecture "fluid dynamics" experiment" "fluid dynamics simulation" "fluid dynamics video" "fluid dynamics tutorial"...
http://wn.com/!!!Fluid_Dynamics_Experiment!!_MOST_EPIC_ONE_EVER
!!!Fluid Dynamics Experiment!! (MOST EPIC ONE EVER) Crazy Chris shows us how wind works by showing us that warm fluids rise & cold fluids sink! "fluid dynamics" "fluid dynamics lecture "fluid dynamics" experiment" "fluid dynamics simulation" "fluid dynamics video" "fluid dynamics tutorial"...
- published: 14 Mar 2009
- views: 9475
- author: Socoolscienceshow
Ageia PhysX Fluid principle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:40
- Updated: 31 May 2012
A small scale fluid simulation with the Ageia PhysX
http://wn.com/Ageia_PhysX_Fluid_principle
A small scale fluid simulation with the Ageia PhysX
- published: 11 Aug 2006
- views: 47097
- author: Panasonicp2
40 years of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) at Iowa State
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
One of the lesser-known engineering disciplines, today computational fluid dynamics is critical across several areas, from the modeling of airflows over jets to the design of multimillion-dollar reactors for pharmaceuticals. The ability to predict the movement of liquids, gases, and solids, whether singly or in multiphase systems, has allowed innovation in numerous industries to pace and parallel the ever-accelerating power of computation.
http://wn.com/40_years_of_Computational_Fluid_Dynamics_CFD_at_Iowa_State
One of the lesser-known engineering disciplines, today computational fluid dynamics is critical across several areas, from the modeling of airflows over jets to the design of multimillion-dollar reactors for pharmaceuticals. The ability to predict the movement of liquids, gases, and solids, whether singly or in multiphase systems, has allowed innovation in numerous industries to pace and parallel the ever-accelerating power of computation.
- published: 18 Jul 2008
- views: 5654
- author: ECMstaff
Rigid Body & Fluid Dynamics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Rigid_Body_Fluid_Dynamics
The Mob Doctor 1x09 Promo "Fluid Dynamics" (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
The Mob Doctor 1x09 Promo/Preview "Fluid Dynamics" The Mob Doctor Season 1 Episode 9 Promo The Mob Doctor S01E09 Promo
http://wn.com/The_Mob_Doctor_1x09_Promo_Fluid_Dynamics_HD
The Mob Doctor 1x09 Promo/Preview "Fluid Dynamics" The Mob Doctor Season 1 Episode 9 Promo The Mob Doctor S01E09 Promo
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 5573
- author: televisionpromos
Honda Racing TV - Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Honda Racing TV offers an insight into the black art of Computational Fluid Dynamics. For more videos like this, head to www.hondaracingf1.com
http://wn.com/Honda_Racing_TV_Computational_Fluid_Dynamics_CFD
Honda Racing TV offers an insight into the black art of Computational Fluid Dynamics. For more videos like this, head to www.hondaracingf1.com
- published: 12 Mar 2008
- views: 8952
- author: HondaRacingTV
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with RTT DeltaGen, FluidDyna, and NVIDIA Maximus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Scott Mocha, head of solutions for RTT USA, Inc., demonstrates interactive, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using RTT DeltaGen and FluidDyna running on the world's fastest, most efficient computing architecture--NVIDIA Maximus next generation technology based on NVIDIA Kepler. Mocha shows how flow simulation computing can be carried out during the production and design process, enabling decisions based on the analysis of industrial design and aerodynamic features. NVIDIA Maximus empowers Mocha "to do it, to save it, and to show it in moments," because, as he puts it, "It's totally fast." His conclusion on the NVIDIA Maximus next gen platform? "It's pretty cool, isn't it?" We think you'd agree.
http://wn.com/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics_CFD_with_RTT_DeltaGen,_FluidDyna,_and_NVIDIA_Maximus
Scott Mocha, head of solutions for RTT USA, Inc., demonstrates interactive, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using RTT DeltaGen and FluidDyna running on the world's fastest, most efficient computing architecture--NVIDIA Maximus next generation technology based on NVIDIA Kepler. Mocha shows how flow simulation computing can be carried out during the production and design process, enabling decisions based on the analysis of industrial design and aerodynamic features. NVIDIA Maximus empowers Mocha "to do it, to save it, and to show it in moments," because, as he puts it, "It's totally fast." His conclusion on the NVIDIA Maximus next gen platform? "It's pretty cool, isn't it?" We think you'd agree.
- published: 07 Aug 2012
- views: 10352
- author: nvidia
Fluid Dynamics of Drag part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:50
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Part two of a lecture series on Fluid Mechanics, this one focusing on experimental evaluation of the properties of Drag
http://wn.com/Fluid_Dynamics_of_Drag_part_2
Part two of a lecture series on Fluid Mechanics, this one focusing on experimental evaluation of the properties of Drag
- published: 09 Jul 2009
- views: 6108
- author: VerraStrngNUCF
photo: AP / Jason DeCrow
16 Dec 2012
NEWTOWN, Conn. — The gunman in the Connecticut shooting rampage committed suicide as first responders closed in, the governor said Sunday, raising the specter that Adam Lanza had planned an even more gruesome massacre and was stopped short. Lanza blasted his way into the building and used a high-power rifle to kill 20 children and six adults, including the principal who tried to stop him, authorities said ... Among the questions ... H ... The Rev....(size: 8.8Kb)
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| Continuum mechanics |
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Fluids
Fluid statics · Fluid dynamics Surface tension Navier–Stokes equations Viscosity: Newtonian, Non-Newtonian |
In physics, fluid dynamics is a sub-discipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow—the natural science of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. It has several subdisciplines itself, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space and reportedly modeling fission weapon detonation. Some of its principles are even used in traffic engineering, where traffic is treated as a continuous fluid.
Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure—which underlies these practical disciplines—that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems. The solution to a fluid dynamics problem typically involves calculating various properties of the fluid, such as velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as functions of space and time.
Historically, hydrodynamics meant something different than it does today. Before the twentieth century, hydrodynamics was synonymous with fluid dynamics. This is still reflected in names of some fluid dynamics topics, like magnetohydrodynamics and hydrodynamic stability—both also applicable in, as well as being applied to, gases.[1]
Contents |
Equations of fluid dynamics[link]
The foundational axioms of fluid dynamics are the conservation laws, specifically, conservation of mass, conservation of linear momentum (also known as Newton's Second Law of Motion), and conservation of energy (also known as First Law of Thermodynamics). These are based on classical mechanics and are modified in quantum mechanics and general relativity. They are expressed using the Reynolds Transport Theorem.
In addition to the above, fluids are assumed to obey the continuum assumption. Fluids are composed of molecules that collide with one another and solid objects. However, the continuum assumption considers fluids to be continuous, rather than discrete. Consequently, properties such as density, pressure, temperature, and velocity are taken to be well-defined at infinitesimally small points, and are assumed to vary continuously from one point to another. The fact that the fluid is made up of discrete molecules is ignored.
For fluids which are sufficiently dense to be a continuum, do not contain ionized species, and have velocities small in relation to the speed of light, the momentum equations for Newtonian fluids are the Navier-Stokes equations, which is a non-linear set of differential equations that describes the flow of a fluid whose stress depends linearly on velocity gradients and pressure. The unsimplified equations do not have a general closed-form solution, so they are primarily of use in Computational Fluid Dynamics. The equations can be simplified in a number of ways, all of which make them easier to solve. Some of them allow appropriate fluid dynamics problems to be solved in closed form.
In addition to the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations, a thermodynamical equation of state giving the pressure as a function of other thermodynamic variables for the fluid is required to completely specify the problem. An example of this would be the perfect gas equation of state:
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): p= \frac{\rho R_u T}{M}
where p is pressure, ρ is density, Ru is the gas constant, M is the molar mass and T is temperature.
Compressible vs incompressible flow[link]
All fluids are compressible to some extent, that is changes in pressure or temperature will result in changes in density. However, in many situations the changes in pressure and temperature are sufficiently small that the changes in density are negligible. In this case the flow can be modeled as an incompressible flow. Otherwise the more general compressible flow equations must be used.
Mathematically, incompressibility is expressed by saying that the density ρ of a fluid parcel does not change as it moves in the flow field, i.e.,
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \frac{\mathrm{D} \rho}{\mathrm{D}t} = 0 \, ,
where D/Dt is the substantial derivative, which is the sum of local and convective derivatives. This additional constraint simplifies the governing equations, especially in the case when the fluid has a uniform density.
For flow of gases, to determine whether to use compressible or incompressible fluid dynamics, the Mach number of the flow is to be evaluated. As a rough guide, compressible effects can be ignored at Mach numbers below approximately 0.3. For liquids, whether the incompressible assumption is valid depends on the fluid properties (specifically the critical pressure and temperature of the fluid) and the flow conditions (how close to the critical pressure the actual flow pressure becomes). Acoustic problems always require allowing compressibility, since sound waves are compression waves involving changes in pressure and density of the medium through which they propagate.
Viscous vs inviscid flow[link]
Viscous problems are those in which fluid friction has significant effects on the fluid motion.
The Reynolds number, which is a ratio between inertial and viscous forces, can be used to evaluate whether viscous or inviscid equations are appropriate to the problem.
Stokes flow is flow at very low Reynolds numbers, Re<<1, such that inertial forces can be neglected compared to viscous forces.
On the contrary, high Reynolds numbers indicate that the inertial forces are more significant than the viscous (friction) forces. Therefore, we may assume the flow to be an inviscid flow, an approximation in which we neglect viscosity completely, compared to inertial terms.
This idea can work fairly well when the Reynolds number is high. However, certain problems such as those involving solid boundaries, may require that the viscosity be included. Viscosity often cannot be neglected near solid boundaries because the no-slip condition can generate a thin region of large strain rate (known as Boundary layer) which enhances the effect of even a small amount of viscosity, and thus generating vorticity. Therefore, to calculate net forces on bodies (such as wings) we should use viscous flow equations. As illustrated by d'Alembert's paradox, a body in an inviscid fluid will experience no drag force. The standard equations of inviscid flow are the Euler equations. Another often used model, especially in computational fluid dynamics, is to use the Euler equations away from the body and the boundary layer equations, which incorporates viscosity, in a region close to the body.
The Euler equations can be integrated along a streamline to get Bernoulli's equation. When the flow is everywhere irrotational and inviscid, Bernoulli's equation can be used throughout the flow field. Such flows are called potential flows.
Steady vs unsteady flow[link]
When all the time derivatives of a flow field vanish, the flow is considered to be a steady flow. Steady-state flow refers to the condition where the fluid properties at a point in the system do not change over time. Otherwise, flow is called unsteady. Whether a particular flow is steady or unsteady, can depend on the chosen frame of reference. For instance, laminar flow over a sphere is steady in the frame of reference that is stationary with respect to the sphere. In a frame of reference that is stationary with respect to a background flow, the flow is unsteady.
Turbulent flows are unsteady by definition. A turbulent flow can, however, be statistically stationary. According to Pope:[3]
The random field U(x,t) is statistically stationary if all statistics are invariant under a shift in time.
This roughly means that all statistical properties are constant in time. Often, the mean field is the object of interest, and this is constant too in a statistically stationary flow.
Steady flows are often more tractable than otherwise similar unsteady flows. The governing equations of a steady problem have one dimension fewer (time) than the governing equations of the same problem without taking advantage of the steadiness of the flow field.
Laminar vs turbulent flow[link]
Turbulence is flow characterized by recirculation, eddies, and apparent randomness. Flow in which turbulence is not exhibited is called laminar. It should be noted, however, that the presence of eddies or recirculation alone does not necessarily indicate turbulent flow—these phenomena may be present in laminar flow as well. Mathematically, turbulent flow is often represented via a Reynolds decomposition, in which the flow is broken down into the sum of an average component and a perturbation component.
It is believed that turbulent flows can be described well through the use of the Navier–Stokes equations. Direct numerical simulation (DNS), based on the Navier–Stokes equations, makes it possible to simulate turbulent flows at moderate Reynolds numbers. Restrictions depend on the power of the computer used and the efficiency of the solution algorithm. The results of DNS have been found to agree well with experimental data for some flows.[4]
Most flows of interest have Reynolds numbers much too high for DNS to be a viable option,[5] given the state of computational power for the next few decades. Any flight vehicle large enough to carry a human (L > 3 m), moving faster than 72 km/h (20 m/s) is well beyond the limit of DNS simulation (Re = 4 million). Transport aircraft wings (such as on an Airbus A300 or Boeing 747) have Reynolds numbers of 40 million (based on the wing chord). In order to solve these real-life flow problems, turbulence models will be a necessity for the foreseeable future. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) combined with turbulence modeling provides a model of the effects of the turbulent flow. Such a modeling mainly provides the additional momentum transfer by the Reynolds stresses, although the turbulence also enhances the heat and mass transfer. Another promising methodology is large eddy simulation (LES), especially in the guise of detached eddy simulation (DES)—which is a combination of RANS turbulence modeling and large eddy simulation.
Newtonian vs non-Newtonian fluids[link]
Sir Isaac Newton showed how stress and the rate of strain are very close to linearly related for many familiar fluids, such as water and air. These Newtonian fluids are modeled by a coefficient called viscosity, which depends on the specific fluid.
However, some of the other materials, such as emulsions and slurries and some visco-elastic materials (e.g. blood, some polymers), have more complicated non-Newtonian stress-strain behaviours. These materials include sticky liquids such as latex, honey, and lubricants which are studied in the sub-discipline of rheology.
Subsonic vs transonic, supersonic and hypersonic flows[link]
While many terrestrial flows (e.g. flow of water through a pipe) occur at low mach numbers, many flows of practical interest (e.g. in aerodynamics) occur at high fractions of the Mach Number M=1 or in excess of it (supersonic flows). New phenomena occur at these Mach number regimes (e.g. shock waves for supersonic flow, transonic instability in a regime of flows with M nearly equal to 1, non-equilibrium chemical behavior due to ionization in hypersonic flows) and it is necessary to treat each of these flow regimes separately.
Magnetohydrodynamics[link]
Main article: Magnetohydrodynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics is the multi-disciplinary study of the flow of electrically conducting fluids in electromagnetic fields. Examples of such fluids include plasmas, liquid metals, and salt water. The fluid flow equations are solved simultaneously with Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism.
Other approximations[link]
There are a large number of other possible approximations to fluid dynamic problems. Some of the more commonly used are listed below.
- The Boussinesq approximation neglects variations in density except to calculate buoyancy forces. It is often used in free convection problems where density changes are small.
- Lubrication theory and Hele-Shaw flow exploits the large aspect ratio of the domain to show that certain terms in the equations are small and so can be neglected.
- Slender-body theory is a methodology used in Stokes flow problems to estimate the force on, or flow field around, a long slender object in a viscous fluid.
- The shallow-water equations can be used to describe a layer of relatively inviscid fluid with a free surface, in which surface gradients are small.
- The Boussinesq equations are applicable to surface waves on thicker layers of fluid and with steeper surface slopes.
- Darcy's law is used for flow in porous media, and works with variables averaged over several pore-widths.
- In rotating systems, the quasi-geostrophic approximation assumes an almost perfect balance between pressure gradients and the Coriolis force. It is useful in the study of atmospheric dynamics.
Terminology in fluid dynamics[link]
The concept of pressure is central to the study of both fluid statics and fluid dynamics. A pressure can be identified for every point in a body of fluid, regardless of whether the fluid is in motion or not. Pressure can be measured using an aneroid, Bourdon tube, mercury column, or various other methods.
Some of the terminology that is necessary in the study of fluid dynamics is not found in other similar areas of study. In particular, some of the terminology used in fluid dynamics is not used in fluid statics.
Terminology in incompressible fluid dynamics[link]
The concepts of total pressure and dynamic pressure arise from Bernoulli's equation and are significant in the study of all fluid flows. (These two pressures are not pressures in the usual sense—they cannot be measured using an aneroid, Bourdon tube or mercury column.) To avoid potential ambiguity when referring to pressure in fluid dynamics, many authors use the term static pressure to distinguish it from total pressure and dynamic pressure. Static pressure is identical to pressure and can be identified for every point in a fluid flow field.
In Aerodynamics, L.J. Clancy writes[6]: To distinguish it from the total and dynamic pressures, the actual pressure of the fluid, which is associated not with its motion but with its state, is often referred to as the static pressure, but where the term pressure alone is used it refers to this static pressure.
A point in a fluid flow where the flow has come to rest (i.e. speed is equal to zero adjacent to some solid body immersed in the fluid flow) is of special significance. It is of such importance that it is given a special name—a stagnation point. The static pressure at the stagnation point is of special significance and is given its own name—stagnation pressure. In incompressible flows, the stagnation pressure at a stagnation point is equal to the total pressure throughout the flow field.
Terminology in compressible fluid dynamics[link]
In a compressible fluid, such as air, the temperature and density are essential when determining the state of the fluid. In addition to the concept of total pressure (also known as stagnation pressure), the concepts of total (or stagnation) temperature and total (or stagnation) density are also essential in any study of compressible fluid flows. To avoid potential ambiguity when referring to temperature and density, many authors use the terms static temperature and static density. Static temperature is identical to temperature; and static density is identical to density; and both can be identified for every point in a fluid flow field.
The temperature and density at a stagnation point are called stagnation temperature and stagnation density.
A similar approach is also taken with the thermodynamic properties of compressible fluids. Many authors use the terms total (or stagnation) enthalpy and total (or stagnation) entropy. The terms static enthalpy and static entropy appear to be less common, but where they are used they mean nothing more than enthalpy and entropy respectively, and the prefix "static" is being used to avoid ambiguity with their 'total' or 'stagnation' counterparts. Because the 'total' flow conditions are defined by isentropically bringing the fluid to rest, the total (or stagnation) entropy is by definition always equal to the "static" entropy.
Notes[link]
- ^ Eckert, Michael (2006). The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics: A Discipline Between Science and Technology. Wiley. p. ix. ISBN 3-527-40513-5.
- ^ Shengtai Li, Hui Li "Parallel AMR Code for Compressible MHD or HD Equations" (Los Alamos National Laboratory) [1]
- ^ See Pope (2000), page 75.
- ^ See, for example, Schlatter et al, Phys. Fluids 21, 051702 (2009); doi:10.1063/1.3139294
- ^ See Pope (2000), page 344.
- ^ Clancy, L.J. Aerodynamics, page 21
References[link]
- Acheson, D. J. (1990). Elementary Fluid Dynamics. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-859679-0.
- Batchelor, G. K. (1967). An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66396-2.
- Chanson, H. (2009). Applied Hydrodynamics: An Introduction to Ideal and Real Fluid Flows. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Leiden, The Netherlands, 478 pages. ISBN 978-0-415-49271-3. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:191112.
- Clancy, L. J. (1975). Aerodynamics. London: Pitman Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-273-01120-0.
- Falkovich, G. (2011). Fluid Mechanics, a short course for physicists. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00575-4.
- Lamb, Horace (1994). Hydrodynamics (6th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45868-4. Originally published in 1879, the 6th extended edition appeared first in 1932.
- Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1987). Fluid Mechanics. Course of Theoretical Physics (2nd ed.). Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-7506-2767-0.
- Milne-Thompson, L. M. (1968). Theoretical Hydrodynamics (5th ed.). Macmillan. Originally published in 1938.
- Pope, Stephen B. (2000). Turbulent Flows. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59886-9.
- Shinbrot, M. (1973). Lectures on Fluid Mechanics. Gordon and Breach. ISBN 0-677-01710-3.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fluid dynamics |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fluid mechanics |
- eFluids, containing several galleries of fluid motion
- National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films (NCFMF), containing films on several subjects in fluid dynamics (in realmedia format)
- List of Fluid Dynamics books
See also[link]
Fields of study[link]
Mathematical equations and concepts[link]
- Airy wave theory
- Bernoulli's equation
- Reynolds transport theorem
- Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation
- Boussinesq approximation (buoyancy)
- Boussinesq approximation (water waves)
- Conservation laws
- Euler equations (fluid dynamics)
- Darcy's law
- Dynamic pressure
- Fluid statics
- Helmholtz's theorems
- Kirchhoff equations
- Knudsen equation
- Manning equation
- Mild-slope equation
- Morison equation
- Navier–Stokes equations
- Oseen flow
- Pascal's law
- Poiseuille's law
- Potential flow
- Pressure
- Static pressure
- Pressure head
- Relativistic Euler equations
- Reynolds decomposition
- Stokes flow
- Stokes stream function
- Stream function
- Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines
Types of fluid flow[link]
Fluid properties[link]
Fluid phenomena[link]
Applications[link]
Miscellaneous[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
